just spend some time on a website like this and google and wiki some of the names at the same time as you put them in their historical context
http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/
a few fundamental things to note are that :
Until the first decade of the 20th century, art, whether drawing, painting, or sculpture, was always essentially pictorial, and was based on themes and compositions representing real world ideas...
modern does not mean now. its a distinct period when art started to get more abstract
post modern is too complicated to understand but basically means anything goes.
movements are only defined afterwards eg post modernism was post 1945 and yet only got widely talked about from the 1980's